The landing gear system of the very first airplanes was extremely simple. Early aircraft such as the Wright Flyer did not use wheels at all; instead, they relied on a rail for takeoff and wooden skids for landing. Once the fundamental challenges of powered flight were overcome, aircraft designers quickly shifted their focus toward improving ground handling, directional control, and stability during taxi, takeoff, and landing operations.
Initially, bicycle and motorcycle-type wheels were adapted for aircraft use. As aircraft weight, speed, and landing loads increased, these basic wheels were replaced by purpose-built landing gear assemblies designed to withstand high impact forces. The development of shock-absorbing systems, such as bungee cords and later oleo-pneumatic shock struts, allowed landing gear to safely absorb the extreme loads encountered during touchdown and ground operations. At the same time, aircraft wheel and brake systems were introduced to provide controlled deceleration, shorter landing distances, and improved operational safety.
With further advances in aircraft performance and aerodynamic efficiency, retractable landing gear systems were developed. Retracting the landing gear during flight significantly reduces aerodynamic drag, improves fuel efficiency, and increases cruise speed. These systems required the integration of hydraulic, electric, or mechanical retraction mechanisms, along with position-indicating and safety devices.
Today, modern aircraft landing gear systems are highly engineered and extremely reliable. They are designed to support the aircraft structure, absorb landing and taxi loads, provide effective braking and steering, and ensure smooth transitions between flight and ground mobility. Continuous improvements in materials, system design, and maintenance practices have made landing gear systems capable of operating safely under high-stress, high-cycle conditions, making them a critical component of overall aircraft safety and performance.
2. Shock Strut
6. Landing Gear Emergency Extension Systems
7. Landing Gear Safety Devices
8. Landing Gear System Maintenance
9. Nose Wheel Steering Systems
10. Aircraft Wheels
11. Aircraft Brakes
12. Aircraft Brake Inspection, Service, Malfunctions and Damage