Modern aircraft rely on autopilot systems to enhance stability, accuracy, and efficiency during various phases of flight.
An aircraft automatic pilot system controls the aircraft without the pilot directly maneuvering the controls. The autopilot maintains the aircraft’s attitude and/or direction and returns the aircraft to that condition when it is displaced. Automatic pilot systems are capable of keeping aircraft stabilized longitudinally, laterally, and vertically.
The primary purpose of an autopilot system is to reduce pilot workload and fatigue of controlling the aircraft during long flights. Most autopilots have both manual and automatic modes of operation. In the manual mode, the pilot selects each maneuver and makes small inputs into an autopilot controller. The autopilot system moves the control surfaces of the aircraft to perform the maneuver. In automatic mode, the pilot selects the attitude and direction desired for a flight segment. The autopilot then moves the control surfaces to attain and maintain these parameters.
Autopilot systems provide for one-, two-, or three-axis control of an aircraft. Those that manage the aircraft around only one axis control the ailerons. They are single-axis autopilots, known as wing leveler systems, usually found on light aircraft. Other autopilots are two-axis systems that control the ailerons and elevators. Three-axis autopilots control the ailerons, elevators, and the rudder. Two-and three-axis autopilot systems can be found on aircraft of all sizes.
There are many autopilot systems available. They feature a wide range of capabilities and complexity. Light aircraft typically have autopilots with fewer capabilities than high-performance and transport-category aircraft. Integration of navigation functions is common, even on light aircraft autopilots. As autopilots increase in complexity, they not only manipulate the flight control surfaces, but other flight parameters as well.
Some modern small aircraft, high-performance, and transport category aircraft have very elaborate autopilot systems known as automatic flight control systems (AFCS). These three-axis systems go far beyond steering the airplane. They control the aircraft during climbs, descents, cruise, and approach to landing. Some even integrate an auto-throttle function that automatically controls engine thrust that makes auto landings possible.
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| The wing leveler system on a small aircraft is a vacuum-operated single-axis autopilot. Only the ailerons are controlled. The aircraft’s turn coordinator is the sensing element. Vacuum from the instrument vacuum system is metered to the diaphragm cable actuators to move the ailerons when the turn coordinator senses roll |
For further automatic control, flight management systems have been developed. Through the use of computers, an entire flight profile can be programmed ahead of time allowing the pilot to supervise its execution. An FMS computer coordinates nearly every aspect of a flight, including the autopilot and auto throttle systems, navigation route selection, fuel management schemes, and more.
Basis for Autopilot Operation
The basis for autopilot system operation is error correction. When an aircraft fails to meet the selected conditions, an error is said to have occurred. The autopilot system automatically corrects that error and restores the aircraft to the flight attitude desired by the pilot. There are two basic ways modern autopilot systems do this.
One is position-based and the other is rate-based. A position-based autopilot manipulates the aircraft’s controls so that any deviation from the desired attitude of the aircraft is corrected. This is done by memorizing the desired aircraft attitude and moving the control surfaces so that the aircraft returns to that attitude. Rate-based autopilots use information about the rate of movement of the aircraft and move control surfaces to counter the rate of change that causes the error. Most large aircraft use rate-based autopilot systems. Small aircraft may use either.
What are the different axes of control in an autopilot system?
- Single-Axis: Controls only the ailerons (wing leveler).
- Two-Axis: Controls the ailerons and elevators (pitch and roll).
- Three-Axis: Controls ailerons, elevators, and the rudder (pitch, roll, and yaw).
What is the difference between a position-based and a rate-based autopilot?
What is an Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)?
How does a Flight Management System (FMS) relate to the autopilot?
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